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गुट-निरपेक्ष आंदोलन

विकिपीडिया से
गुट-निरपेक्ष आंदोलन
Non-Aligned Movement
Map of the world indicating members and observers of the Non-Aligned Movement
नाम के वर्तमान मेंबर देस सभ। हल्का-बुलू कलर में ऑब्जर्वर-स्टेट देखावल गइल बाने।
कोऑर्डिनेटिंग ब्यूरोयूनाइटेड नेशंस
New York City, U.S.[1]
सदस्यता (मेंबरशिप)
  • 120 मेंबर देस
  • 20 ऑब्जर्वर देस
  • 10 इंटरनेशनल संस्था सभ
नेता
• प्रमुख निर्णय-
निर्धारक अंग
Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries (2019–22)
इस्थापितबेलग्रेड, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1 सितंबर 1961; 63 साल पहिले (1961-09-01) as the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries

गुट-निरपेक्ष आंदोलन (अंग्रेजी: Non-Aligned Movement; उच्चा.: नॉन-अलाइन्ड मूवमेंट; संछेप में NAM) 120 देस सभ के मंच (फोरम) हवे जे कौनों प्रमुख सत्ता समूह (पावर ब्लॉक) के संघे भा बिपरीत औपचारिक रूप से गठबंधन नइखन कइले। यूनाइटेड नेशंस के बाद ई दुनिया भर में राज्य सभ के सभसे बड़हन मंडली हवे।

ई आंदोलन कोरियाई जुद्ध के बाद शुरू भइल, कोल्ड वार के दौरान दुनिया के तेजी से होखे वाला दू-ध्रुवीकरण के मुकाबला करे के कुछ देस सभ के कोसिस के रूप में, जवना में दू गो प्रमुख ताकत सभ ब्लॉक बना के बाकी दुनिया के खींच के अपना पक्ष में कइल चाहत रहलीं। एह में से एगो सोवियत समर्थक समाजवादी ब्लॉक रहल जेकर सभसे परसिद्ध गठबंधन वारसॉ पैक्ट रहल आ दुसरा अमेरिकी समर्थक पूंजीवादी देस सभ के मंडली रहल जेह में से कई ठे नाटो से संबंधित रहलें। इनहन दुनों धुरी से अलगा रहे के नीति आ कोसिस में, 1955 के बांडुंग सम्मेलन में जवना सिद्धांतन पर सहमती बनल रहल उनहन के आधार प 1961 में युगोस्लाविया के बेलग्रेड में युगोस्लाविया के राष्ट्रपति जोसिप ब्रॉज टीटो, भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री जवाहरलाल नेहरू, मिस्र के राष्ट्रपति गमल अब्देल नासर, घाना के राष्ट्रपति क्वामे नकरुमाह, आ इंडोनेशिया के राष्ट्रपति सुकर्णो द्वारा मिल के ई मंच बनावल गइल।

गुट-निरपेक्ष आंदोलन के देस सभ संयुक्त राष्ट्र के सदस्य संख्या के लगभग दू तिहाई हिस्सा के प्रतिनिधित्व करे लें आ एह देसन में दुनिया के 55 % आबादी शामिल बा। सदस्यता खासतौर पर बिकासशील देस मानल जाए वाला देस सभ में केंद्रित बाटे हालाँकि, एह मंडली में कई ठे बिकसित देस सभ भी बाड़ें।

Members, observers and guests

[संपादन करीं]

Current members

[संपादन करीं]
Non-Aligned Movement member countries by year joined

The following countries are members of the NAM, arranged by continent, showing their year of admission:[3]

Africa

[संपादन करीं]

Currently every African country (except South Sudan) is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

  1.  Algeria (1961)
  2.  Angola (1976)
  3.  Benin (1964)
  4.  Botswana (1970)
  5.  Burkina Faso (1973)
  6.  Burundi (1964)
  7.  Cameroon (1964)
  8.  Cape Verde (1976)
  9.  Central African Republic (1964)
  10.  Chad (1964)
  11.  Comoros (1976)
  12.  Democratic Republic of the Congo (1961)
  13.  Djibouti (1983)
  14.  Egypt (1961)
  15.  Equatorial Guinea (1970)
  16.  Eritrea (1995)
  17.  Eswatini (1970)
  18.  Ethiopia (1961)
  19.  Gabon (1970)
  20.  Gambia (1973)
  21.  Ghana (1961)
  22.  Guinea (1961)
  23.  Guinea-Bissau (1976)
  24.  Ivory Coast (1973)
  25.  Kenya (1964)
  26.  Lesotho (1970)
  27.  Liberia (1964)
  28.  Libya (1964)
  29.  Madagascar (1973)
  30.  Malawi (1964)
  31.  Mali (1961)
  32.  Mauritania (1964)
  33.  Mauritius (1973)
  34.  Morocco (1961)
  35.  Mozambique (1976)
  36.  Namibia (1979)
  37.  Niger (1973)
  38.  Nigeria (1964)
  39.  Republic of the Congo (1964)
  40.  Rwanda (1970)
  41.  São Tomé and Príncipe (1976)
  42.  Senegal (1964)
  43.  Seychelles (1976)
  44.  Sierra Leone (1964)
  45.  Somalia (1961)
  46.  South Africa (1994)
  47.  Sudan (1961)
  48.  Tanzania (1964)
  49.  Togo (1964)
  50.  Tunisia (1961)
  51.  Uganda (1964)
  52.  Zambia (1964)
  53.  Zimbabwe (1979)


Americas

[संपादन करीं]
  1.  Antigua and Barbuda (2006)
  2.  Bahamas (1983)
  3.  Barbados (1983)
  4.  Belize (1981)
  5.  Bolivia (1979)
  6.  Chile (1973)
  7.  Colombia (1983)
  8.  Cuba (1961)
  9.  Dominica (2006)
  10.  Dominican Republic (2000)
  11.  Ecuador (1983)
  12.  Grenada (1979)
  13.  Guatemala (1993)
  14.  Guyana (1970)
  15.  Haiti (2006)
  16.  Honduras (1995)
  17.  Jamaica (1970)
  18.  Nicaragua (1979)
  19.  Panama (1976)
  20.  Peru (1973)
  21.  Saint Kitts and Nevis (2006)
  22.  Saint Lucia (1983)
  23.  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2003)
  24.  Suriname (1983)
  25.  Trinidad and Tobago (1970)
  26.  Venezuela (1989)

Asia

[संपादन करीं]
  1.  Afghanistan (1961)
  2.  Bahrain (1973)
  3.  Bangladesh (1973)
  4.  Bhutan (1973)
  5.  Brunei Darussalam (1993)
  6.  Cambodia (1961)
  7.  India (1961)
  8.  Indonesia (1961)
  9.  Iran (1979)
  10.  Iraq (1961)
  11.  Jordan (1964)
  12.  Kuwait (1964)
  13.  Laos (1964)
  14.  Lebanon (1961)
  15.  Malaysia (1970)
  16.  Maldives (1976)
  17.  Mongolia (1993)
  18.  Myanmar (1961)
  19.  Nepal (1961)
  20.  North Korea (1975)
  21.  Oman (1973)
  22.  Pakistan (1979)
  23.  Palestine (1976)
  24.  Philippines (1993)
  25.  Qatar (1973)
  26.  Saudi Arabia (1961)
  27.  Singapore (1970)
  28.  Sri Lanka (1961)
  29.  Syria (1964)
  30.  Thailand (1993)
  31.  East Timor (2003)
  32.  Turkmenistan (1995)
  33.  United Arab Emirates (1970)
  34.  Uzbekistan (1993)
  35.  Vietnam (1976)
  36.  Yemen (1990) [5]

Europe

[संपादन करीं]
  1.  Azerbaijan (2011)
  2.  Belarus (1998)

Oceania

[संपादन करीं]
  1.  Fiji (2011)
  2.  Papua New Guinea (1993)
  3.  Vanuatu (1983)

Former members

[संपादन करीं]
  1.  North Yemen (1961–1990)[6]
  2.  Cyprus (1961–2004)[7][8]
  3.  Yugoslavia (1961–1992)[9][10][11]
  4.  South Yemen (1970–1990)[6]
  5.  Malta (1973–2004)[8]
  6.  Argentina (1973–1991)[12][13]

Observers

[संपादन करीं]

The following countries and organizations have observer status:[3]

Countries

[संपादन करीं]
  1.  अर्जेंटाइना[14]
  2.  आर्मीनिया[14]
  3.  बोस्निया आ हर्जेगोविना[14][15]
  4.  ब्राजील[14]
  5.  चीन (1992)[16]
  6.  कोस्टा रिका[14]
  7.  क्रोएशिया[14][15][17][18]
  8.  एल सल्वाडोर[14]
  9.  कजाकिस्तान[14]
  10.  किर्गिज़स्तान[14]
  11.  मैक्सिको[14]
  12.  मौंटीनीग्रो[14][15]
  13.  पराग्वे[14]
  14.  रूस (2021)[19][20][21]
  15.  सर्बिया[14][15]
  16.  South Sudan
  17.  ताजिकिस्तान[14]
  18.  युक्रेन[14][15]
  19.  उरुग्वे[14]
  20.   वेटिकन सिटी (1970)[22]

Organisations

[संपादन करीं]
  1. Association of Southeast Asian Nations
  2. African Union
  3. Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation
  4. Arab League
  5. Commonwealth Secretariat
  6. Hostosian National Independence Movement
  7. Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front
  8. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
  9. South Centre
  10. United Nations
  11. World Peace Council

Guests

[संपादन करीं]

There is no permanent guest status,[23] but often several non-member countries are represented as guests at conferences. In addition, a large number of organisations, both from within the UN system and from outside, are always invited as guests.[प्रमाण देईं]

इहो देखल जाय

[संपादन करीं]

संदर्भ

[संपादन करीं]
  1. ↑ "Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Countries | UIA Yearbook Profile | Union of International Associations". uia.org. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  2. ↑ "18th Summit of Heads of State and Government of Non-Aligned Movement gets underway in Baku". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 उद्धरण खराबी:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NAM members
  4. ↑ In a joint letter to the UN Secretary-General sent just prior to unification, the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemen stated that "All treaties and agreements concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and other States and international organizations in accordance with international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect, and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States will continue."Bühler, Konrad (2001). State Succession and Membership in International Organizations. Martinus Nijhoff Publisher. ISBN 9041115536. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  5. ↑  North Yemen is one of the founders in 1961.  South Yemen joined in 1970. In 1990 both were unified into a single state which accepted responsibility for all treaties of its predecessors.[4]
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bühler, Konrad (2001). State Succession and Membership in International Organizations. Martinus Nijhoff Publisher. ISBN 9041115536. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  7. ↑ "Cyprus and the Non – Aligned Movement". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Cyprus. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "XIV Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement". South Africa Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  9. ↑ उद्धरण खराबी:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named suspended
  10. ↑ "Final Document of the 7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement -(New Delhi Declaration)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  11. ↑ Kin, Lai Kwok (2 September 1992). "Yugoslavia Casts Shadow over Non-Aligned Summit". The Independent. Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  12. ↑ Indira Gandhi (6 September 1973). Address of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (PDF). New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  13. ↑ "Argentina Withdraws from Non-Aligned Movement". Associated Press. 20 September 1991. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 "Members and other Participants of NAM Movement" (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs (India). n.d. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 "Tito's Non-Aligned Movement hits 60. Is it still relevant?". Emerging Europe. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  16. ↑ "China's foreign policy is rooted in non-alignment - China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  17. ↑ "Croatia to participate in Non-Aligned Movement conference". T-portal. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  18. ↑ "There is life in the Non-Alignment Movement yet". The Interpreter. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  19. ↑ "Russia receives observer status in Non-Aligned Movement". TASS. 14 July 2021. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  20. ↑ "Russia gets observer status to Non-Aligned Movement". The Frontier Post. 14 July 2021. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  21. ↑ Gibbs, Stephen [@STHGibbs] (25 February 2022). "Russia attained observer status of the Non-aligned Movement last year" (Tweet). Retrieved 20 September 2022 – via Twitter.
  22. ↑ Ramšak, Jure (2021). "The Crumbling Touchstone of the Vatican's Ostpolitik: Relations between the Holy See and Yugoslavia, 1970–1989". The International History Review. 43 (4): 852–869. doi:10.1080/07075332.2020.1819859. S2CID 224987475.
  23. ↑ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information 4.4. Archived 9 फरवरी 2016 at the Wayback Machine

बाहरी कड़ी

[संपादन करीं]
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