मदद:IPA/Standard German

ई एक ठो जानकारी पन्ना बाटे एकरा द्वारा विकिपीडिया के आम परंपरा आ आपसी सहमति से बनल कुछ नीति आ निर्देश के जानकारी दिहल गइल बा। एकर उद्देश्य कौनों प्रक्रिया या निर्देश के बारे में जानकारी दिहल या ब्याख्या कइल बाटे। ई विकिपीडिया के नीति ना हवे आ जहाँ एह पन्ना पर लिखल बात नीति से अलग होखो, संबंधित नीति वाला पन्ना सीधे देखल जाय।

शॉर्टकट:

H:IPAG

The charts below show the way International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents German language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Standard German phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of German. For a list of common pronunciation errors, see Anglophone pronunciation of foreign languages § German. For information on how to convert spelling to pronunciation, see German orthography § Grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences.

Consonants
			Examples	English approximation
DE	AT	CH	Examples	English approximation
b			bei^[1]	ball
ç			ich, durch; China (DE)	hue
d			dann^[1]	done
f			für, von	fuss
ɡ			gut^[1]	guest
h			hat	hut
j			Jahr	yard
k			kann, Tag,^[2] cremen	cold
l			Leben	last
l̩			Mantel	bottle
m			Mann	must
m̩			Atem	rhythm
n			Name	not
n̩			beiden	suddenly
ŋ			lang	long
p			Person, ab^[2]	puck
pf			Pfeffer	roughly like cupful
ʁ	r		reden^[3]	DE: French rouge AT, CH: red (Scottish)
s			lassen, Haus, groß	fast
ʃ			schon, Stadt	shall
t			Tag, und^[2]	tall
ts			Zeit, Platz	cats
tʃ			Matsch	match
v			was^[1]	vanish
x			nach	loch (no lock–loch merger)
z			Sie, diese^[1]	hose
ʔ			beamtet^[4] ([bəˈʔamtət])	the glottal stops in uh-oh!
Non-native consonants
dʒ			Dschungel^[1]^[5]	jungle
ʒ			Genie^[1]^[5]	pleasure
Stress
ˈ			Bahnhofstraße ([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
ˌ			Bahnhofstraße ([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/

Vowels
			Examples	English approximation
DE	AT	CH	Examples	English approximation
Monophthongs
a			alles^[6]	father, but rather short
aː			aber, sah^[6]	father, but rather long
ɛ			Ende, hätte	bet
ɛː			spät, wählen^[7]	bed
eː			eben, gehen	mate
ɪ			ist, bitte	sit
iː			liebe, Berlin	seed
ɔ			Osten, kommen	RP lot, American law
oː			oder, hohe	RP law
œ			öffnen	somewhat like cut or RP hurt
øː			Österreich	somewhat like RP bird or French peu
ʊ			und	push
uː			Hut	food
ʏ			müssen	like hit but with the lips rounded
yː			über	somewhat like few
Diphthongs
aɪ			ein	high
aʊ			auf, Haus	vow
ɔʏ			Euro, Häuser	roughly like choice
Reduced vowels
ɐ		ər	immer^[3]	DE, AT: sofa CH: Scottish butter
ə			Name	ago
Semivowels
ɐ̯		r	Uhr^[3]	DE, AT: sofa CH: Scottish far
i̯			Studie	yard
u̯			aktuell	would
Non-native vowels
ãː			Gourmand^[8]	French Mont Blanc
ɛ̃ː			Pointe^[8]	French Chopin
ɛɪ			Mail^[9]	face
õː			Garçon^[8]	French chanson
ɔʊ			Code^[9]	goat
œ̃ː			Parfum^[8]	French vingt-et-un
œːɐ̯		øːr	O₂ World^[10]	roughly like RP bird
Shortened vowels
a			Kalender^[6]^[11]	father
ã			engagieren^[8]	French chanson
ɛ̃			impair^[8]	French vingt-et-un
e			Element^[11]	dress
i			Italien^[11]	teach
o			originell^[11]	RP thought
õ			foncé^[8]	French Mont Blanc
œ̃			Lundist^[8]	French vingt-et-un
ø			Ökonom^[11]	somewhat like hurt
u			Universität^[11]	truth
y			Psychologie^[11]	like meet but with the lips rounded

इहो देखल जाय

If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA. Good free IPA fonts include Gentium and Charis SIL (more complete); a monospaced font is Everson Mono which is complete; download links can be found on those pages.
For a guide to adding pronunciations to Wikipedia articles, see the {{IPA}} template.
For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters.

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]
↑ Initial vowels are usually preceded by [[[
en:glottal stop|ʔ]]], except in Swiss Standard German.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall 2003, p. 42). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 The Austrian and Swiss pronunciation of /a/ and /aː/ is [ɑ] and [ɑː] (Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter 2015). In some northern German dialects influenced by Low German there may be [æ~a] for /a/ but [ɑː] for /aː/ thus also having a difference in vowel quality not just length. (see e.g. Wierzbicka & Rynkowska 1992, pp. 412–415).
↑ In Northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ to [[[
en:close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]].
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 ^8.6 ^8.7 The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː].
↑ [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /ɜːr/. It also appears in certain French surnames, e.g. Vasseur (Krech et al. 2009, pp. 64, 142).
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 ^11.6 [a, e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [aː, eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).

Bibliography

Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
Hove, Ingrid (2002). Die Aussprache der Standardsprache in der Schweiz. Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN 978-3-484-23147-4.
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
Moosmüller, S.; Schmid, C.; Brandstätter, J. (2015). "Standard Austrian German". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (3): 339–348. doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055.
Wierzbicka, Irena; Rynkowska, Teresa (1992), Samouczek języka niemieckiego: kurs wstępny (6th ed.), Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-214-0284-4

[fortislenis-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.

[devoicing-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.

[r-allophones-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]

[4] Initial vowels are usually preceded by [[[
en:glottal stop|ʔ]]], except in Swiss Standard German.

[postalveolarlenis-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall 2003, p. 42). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.

[openvowels-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 The Austrian and Swiss pronunciation of /a/ and /aː/ is [ɑ] and [ɑː] (Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter 2015). In some northern German dialects influenced by Low German there may be [æ~a] for /a/ but [ɑː] for /aː/ thus also having a difference in vowel quality not just length. (see e.g. Wierzbicka & Rynkowska 1992, pp. 412–415).

[7] In Northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ to [[[
en:close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]].

[nasalV-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 ^8.6 ^8.7 The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).

[middiphthongs-9] 9.0 ^9.1 The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː].

[10] [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /ɜːr/. It also appears in certain French surnames, e.g. Vasseur (Krech et al. 2009, pp. 64, 142).

[shorttense-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 ^11.6 [a, e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [aː, eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] (Mangold 2005, p. 65).

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