मदद:IPA/Greek

The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents the Ancient Greek (AG) and Modern Greek (MG) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. The Ancient Greek pronunciation shown here is a reconstruction of the Attic dialect in the 5th century BC. Do not use the same symbols for other Ancient Greek dialects, such as Doric, Aeolic, or Koine Greek, as they may be inaccurate.

See Ancient Greek phonology and Modern Greek phonology for a more thorough look at their sounds.

Consonants^[1]
IPA	AG	MG	Example	English approximation
c		κ	κιόλας^[2]	skew
k	κ, ξ		κατά, ξένος^[3]^[2]	scar
kʰ	χ		χάρτης^[2]	car
x		χ	χάρτης^[2]	similar to hat, Scottish English: loch
ç		χ	χέρι^[2]	hue
j	ι		εἴη^[4]	toy yacht
ʝ		γ	γη^[2]	yes
ɣ		γ	γάλα^[2]	similar to woman, but with spread lips
ɡ	γ		γάλα^[2]	again
ɡ		γκ γγ	εγκώμιο^[2]^[5]	again
ɟ		γκ γγ	άγγελος^[2]^[5]	argue
p	π, ψ		πέτρα, ψυχή^[3]	spy
pʰ	φ		φως	paint
f		φ	φως	four
v		β, υ^[6]	βέλος	vet
b	β		βέλος	about
b		μπ	μπαμπάς^[5]	about
w	υ		παύω^[4]	well
t	τ		τάφος	stay
tʰ	θ		θεός	take
θ		θ	θεός	thought
ð		δ	δούλη	the
d	δ		δούλη	today
d		ντ	εντάξει^[5]	today
h	῾◌		ἥρως^[7]	hat
l	λ		λόγος	look
ʎ		λ	ελιά	million
m	μ		μοίρα	mole
n	ν		ναι	no
ɲ		ν	νιότη	onion
ŋ	γ		άγχος	sing
r	ρ		ώρα	trilled r like in Spanish
r̥	ῥ		ῥίζα	similar to train
s	σ, ς ξ, ψ		σοφός, ψυχή, ξένος^[3]	sow, usually retracted
z	ζ, σ		κόσμος, ζωή^[3]	zoo, usually retracted
t͡s		τσ	τσάι	cats, retracted in most cases
d͡z	ζ	τζ	τζάκι	pads, retracted in most cases

Dialectal segments
IPA	English approximation
ʃ	shame
ɕ	shame
ʒ	vision
ʑ	vision
t͡ʃ	check
t͡ɕ	check
d͡ʒ	jam
d͡ʑ	jam
æ	cat
IPA	Explanation
◌ː	marks a consonant produced twice as long^[1]

Vowels
Monophthongs
IPA	AG	MG	Example	English approximation
a	ᾰ	α	άρτος	father, but shorter
aː	ᾱ		χώρᾱ	father
ɛː	η		ψυχή^[8]	met, but longer
e	ε^[9]		θεός	met
eː	ει		εἰμί^[8]	bay
i	ῐ	ι^[8]	ίδιος	like neat
iː	ῑ		πίνω^[8]	like need
oː	ω		ἐγώ^[9]	boil
o		ω	ἐγώ^[9]	similar to note (American English)
o	ο^[9]		οδός	similar to note (American English)
uː	ου		μου	similar to mood
u		ου	μου	pool
y	ῠ		φύσις^[8]	few
yː	ῡ		ψυχή^[8]	fume
Diphthongs^[4]
IPA	AG	MG	Example	English approximation
ai̯	αι		αἴτιος, πάλαι, ψῡχαί^[9]	tie
ai̯		αϊ^[10]		tie
au̯	αυ		αὐτός^[6]	how
au̯		αου		how
ei̯	ει		εἴη^[8]	hey
ei̯		έι^[11]		hey
eu̯	ευ		εὖ^[6]	Italian and Spanish neutro
eu̯		εου		Italian and Spanish neutro
oi̯	οι		οἶδα, λόγοι^[8]	toy
oi̯		όι^[12]		toy
yi̯	υι		υἱός^[8]
aːi̯	ᾳ		ᾄδω, χώρᾳ^[13]
ɛːi̯	ῃ		ᾖς, ψυχῇ^[8]^[13]
ɔːi̯	ῳ		ᾠδή, λόγῳ^[13]

Suprasegmentals
IPA^[14]	AG	MG	Example	Explanation
◌́	´		γάλα [ɡála]	high tone
◌̌	´		ἐγώ [eɡɔ̌ː]	rising tone
◌	`		μὲν [men]	mid tone
◌̂	῀		γῆ [ɡɛ̂ː]	falling tone
ˈ		΄	άλλος [ˈa.los]	stress
.			άλλος [ˈa.los]	syllable break

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ancient Greek had geminate consonants, pronounced longer than single ones, which may be transcribed by a double consonant letter ⟨ss⟩ or the length symbol ⟨sː⟩. Modern Standard Greek does not have geminate consonants, but some nonstandard dialects do.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 In Modern Greek, ⟨κ; γκ, γγ; γ; χ⟩ are pronounced as palatal [c, ɟ, ʝ, ç] before the front vowels [e i], and velar [k, g, ɣ, x] in other cases.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ⟨ζ⟩ represented the cluster [zd] in Classical Attic, but it represents [z] in Modern Greek. In both Ancient and Modern Greek, ⟨σ⟩ is pronounced as voiced [z] before a voiced consonant, and ⟨ξ, ψ⟩ represent [ks ps].
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 In Ancient Greek, a diphthong before a vowel was realised as a vowel and a double semivowel sequence: [jj, ww].
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 In Modern Greek, ⟨μπ, ντ, γκ, γγ⟩ are pronounced as prenasalised voiced stops [mb, nd, ɲɟ, ŋɡ] or voiced stops without nasalisation [b, d, ɟ, ɡ].
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 In Modern Greek, ⟨υ⟩, in ⟨αυ ευ ηυ⟩, is pronounced as [f] before a voiceless consonant and [v] otherwise. In Ancient Greek, ⟨αυ ευ ηυ⟩ were diphthongs [au̯ eu̯ ɛːu̯].
↑ The rough breathing ⟨῾⟩ represented [h] before a vowel, and the smooth breathing ⟨᾿⟩ represented the absence of [h].
↑ ^8.00 ^8.01 ^8.02 ^8.03 ^8.04 ^8.05 ^8.06 ^8.07 ^8.08 ^8.09 In Modern Greek, ⟨η, ῃ, ει, ι, οι, υ, υι⟩ all represent [i], but they were pronounced [ɛː, ɛːi̯, eː, ei̯, i(ː) oi̯, y(ː), yi̯] in Ancient Greek. The large number of vowel mergers into [i] is called iotacism.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 In Modern Greek, ⟨ε, αι⟩ represent [e], and ⟨ο, ω⟩ represent [o]. In Ancient Greek, ⟨ε, ο⟩ represented [e, o], ⟨ω⟩ represented [ɔː] and ⟨αι⟩ represented the diphthong [ai̯].
↑ Also ⟨άι⟩ and sometimes ⟨άϊ⟩.
↑ Also ⟨εϊ⟩ and sometimes ⟨έϊ⟩.
↑ Also ⟨οϊ⟩ and sometimes ⟨όϊ⟩.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 In early Ancient Greek, ⟨ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ⟩ were diphthongs, but the second element [i̯] was lost soon after the Classical period, and they merged with ⟨ᾱ, η, ω⟩.
↑ The symbols used here for Ancient Greek pitch accent must be added as combining characters in some cases. Place the numeric character reference after the letter that on which the accent is to be put, press "Show preview" and copy the resulting accented character. ́ is the numeric character reference for combining acute tone mark (high tone), ̌ for combining caron (rising tone), ̂ for combining circumflex (falling tone).

External links

Greek dictionary with pronunciation key (Greek में)

[double-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Ancient Greek had geminate consonants, pronounced longer than single ones, which may be transcribed by a double consonant letter ⟨ss⟩ or the length symbol ⟨sː⟩. Modern Standard Greek does not have geminate consonants, but some nonstandard dialects do.

[palatal-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 In Modern Greek, ⟨κ; γκ, γγ; γ; χ⟩ are pronounced as palatal [c, ɟ, ʝ, ç] before the front vowels [e i], and velar [k, g, ɣ, x] in other cases.

[sibilant-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ⟨ζ⟩ represented the cluster [zd] in Classical Attic, but it represents [z] in Modern Greek. In both Ancient and Modern Greek, ⟨σ⟩ is pronounced as voiced [z] before a voiced consonant, and ⟨ξ, ψ⟩ represent [ks ps].

[semivowel-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 In Ancient Greek, a diphthong before a vowel was realised as a vowel and a double semivowel sequence: [jj, ww].

[prenasalized-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 In Modern Greek, ⟨μπ, ντ, γκ, γγ⟩ are pronounced as prenasalised voiced stops [mb, nd, ɲɟ, ŋɡ] or voiced stops without nasalisation [b, d, ɟ, ɡ].

[u_diphthong-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 In Modern Greek, ⟨υ⟩, in ⟨αυ ευ ηυ⟩, is pronounced as [f] before a voiceless consonant and [v] otherwise. In Ancient Greek, ⟨αυ ευ ηυ⟩ were diphthongs [au̯ eu̯ ɛːu̯].

[7] The rough breathing ⟨῾⟩ represented [h] before a vowel, and the smooth breathing ⟨᾿⟩ represented the absence of [h].

[iotacism-8] 8.00 ^8.01 ^8.02 ^8.03 ^8.04 ^8.05 ^8.06 ^8.07 ^8.08 ^8.09 In Modern Greek, ⟨η, ῃ, ει, ι, οι, υ, υι⟩ all represent [i], but they were pronounced [ɛː, ɛːi̯, eː, ei̯, i(ː) oi̯, y(ː), yi̯] in Ancient Greek. The large number of vowel mergers into [i] is called iotacism.

[mid_vowel-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 In Modern Greek, ⟨ε, αι⟩ represent [e], and ⟨ο, ω⟩ represent [o]. In Ancient Greek, ⟨ε, ο⟩ represented [e, o], ⟨ω⟩ represented [ɔː] and ⟨αι⟩ represented the diphthong [ai̯].

[10] Also ⟨άι⟩ and sometimes ⟨άϊ⟩.

[11] Also ⟨εϊ⟩ and sometimes ⟨έϊ⟩.

[12] Also ⟨οϊ⟩ and sometimes ⟨όϊ⟩.

[long_diphthong-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 In early Ancient Greek, ⟨ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ⟩ were diphthongs, but the second element [i̯] was lost soon after the Classical period, and they merged with ⟨ᾱ, η, ω⟩.

[14] The symbols used here for Ancient Greek pitch accent must be added as combining characters in some cases. Place the numeric character reference after the letter that on which the accent is to be put, press "Show preview" and copy the resulting accented character. ́ is the numeric character reference for combining acute tone mark (high tone), ̌ for combining caron (rising tone), ̂ for combining circumflex (falling tone).

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