कंप्यूटर शब्दावली

This is a glossary of terms relating computer hardware - physical computer hardware, architectural issues, and peripherals.

A

एक्सेलरेटर

a microprocessor, ASIC or expansion card designed to offload a specific task from the CPU, often containing fixed function hardware; a common example is a Graphics processing unit.

एक्यूमुलेटर

a register in a CPU in which intermediate arithmetic and logic results are stored.

एड्रेस

the unique integer number that specifies a memory location in an address space

एड्रेस स्पेस

a mapping of logical addresses into physical memory or other memory mapped devices.

एआइ एक्सेलरेटर

an accelerator aimed running artificial neural networks or other machine learning and machine vision algorithms (either training or deployment), e.g. Movidius Myriad 2, TrueNorth, Tensor processing unit etc.

एटीऍक्स

Advanced Technology extended - a motherboard form factor specification developed by Intel in 1995 to improve on previous DE factor standards like the AT form factor.

एटी

The dimensions and layout (form factor) of the motherboard for the IBM AT.

एजीपी

Accelerated Graphics Port - a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.

B

बस

a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a computer or between computers.

ब्लू-रे डिस्क

a ऑप्टिकल डिस्क storage medium designed to supersede the DVD format.

C

कैशे

A small, fast local memory that transparently buffers access to a larger but slower or more distant/higher latency memory or storage device, organised into cache lines. Automatically translates accesses to the underlying resources address space to locations in the cache.

कैशे लाइन

A small block of memory within a cache; the granularity of allocation,refills,eviction; typically 32-128 bytes in size.

कैशे कोहरेंसी

The process of keeping data in multiple caches synchronised in a multi-processor shared memory system, also required when DMA modifies the underlying memory.

कैशे एविक्शन

freeing up data from within a cache to make room for new cache entries to be allocated; controlled by a cache replacement policy. Caused by a cache miss whilst a cache is already full.

कैशे हिट

finding data in a local cache, preventing the need to search for that resource in a more distant location (or to repeat a calculation).

कैशे मिस

Not finding data in a local cache, requiring use of the cache policy to allocate and fill this data, and possibly performing evicting other data to make room.

कैशे थ्रेशिंग

A pathological situation where access in a cache cause cyclical cache misses by evicting data that is needed in the near future.

cache ways

The number of potential cache lines in an associative cache that a specific physical addresses can be mapped to; higher values reduce potential collisions in allocation.

सीडी-आर

Compact Disc-Recordable; a variation of the optical compact disc which may be written to once.

सीओएमए

Cache-only memory architecture, a multiprocessor memory architecture where an address space is dynamically shifted between processor nodes based on demand.

सीडी-रीराइटेबल

a variation of the optical compact disc which may be written to many times.

सीडी

(Compact Disc Read-Only Memory) - a pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data or music playback.

चिप

(or integrated circuit) - a miniaturised electronic circuit that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material.

कंट्रोल स्टोर

the memory that stores the microcode of a CPU.

कोर

the portion of a CPU which actually performs arithemetic and logical operations. A CPU may have multiple cores (e.g. "a quad-core processor").

कोर मेमोरी

in modern usage, a synonym for main memory, dating back from the pre-semiconductor-chip times when the dominant main memory technology was magnetic core memory.

सीपीयू

Central processing unit - the portion of a computer system that executes the instructions of a computer program.

कन्वेंशनल पीसीआइ

Conventional Peripheral Component Interconnect - a computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer.

कंप्यूटर केस

Computer chassis, cabinet, box, tower, enclosure, housing, system unit or simply case - the enclosure that contains most of the components of a computer (usually excluding the display, keyboard and mouse).

Computer form factor

The name used to denote the dimensions, power supply type, location of mounting holes, number of ports on the back panel, etc.

Chipset

(or chip set) - a group of integrated circuits, or chips, that are designed to work together. They are usually marketed as a single product.

चैनल इनपुट/औतपुट

a generic term that refers to a high-performance input/output (I/O) architecture that is implemented in various forms on a number of computer architectures, especially on mainframe computers..

D

डेटा कैशे

डी-कैशे

a cache in a CPU or GPU servicing data load and store requests, mirroring main memory (or VRAM for a GPU).

डिवाइस मेमोरी

local memory associated with a hardware device such as an graphics processing unit or OpenCL compute device, distinct from main memory.

डीएऍसडी

(Direct Access Storage Device) A mainframe terminology introduced by IBM denoting secondary storage with random access, typically (arrays of) hard disk drives.

डीआइऍमऍम

(dual in-line memory module);A series of dynamic random-access memory integrated circuits. These modules are mounted on a printed circuit board and designed for use in personal computers, workstations and servers.

डिस्प्लेपोर्ट

DisplayPort is a digital display interface developed by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). The interface is primarily used to connect a video source to a display device such as a computer monitor, though it can also be used to transmit audio, USB, and other forms of data.

डाइरेक्ट मैप्ड कैशे

a cache where each physical address may only be mapped to one cache line, indexed using the low bits of the address. Simple but highly prone to allocation conflicts.

डीऍमए

डाइरेक्ट मेमोरी ऍक्सेस - the ability of a hardware device such as a disk drive or network interface to access main memory without intervention from the CPU, provided by one or more DMA channels in a system.

डीवीडी

(Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc) - an optical compact disc - of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs), but store more than six times as much data.

डीवीआइ

Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video display interface developed by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). The digital interface is used to connect a video source to a display device, such as a computer monitor.

डीरैम

(Dynamic random-access memory) - a type of random-access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit and which must be periodically refreshed to retain the stored data.

F

फायरवाल

A hardware device or software to protect a computer from viruses, malware, trojans etc.

फर्मवेयर

fixed programs and data that internally control various electronic devices.

फ्लॉपी डिस्क

a data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible ("floppy") magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell.

फ्लॉपी डिस्क ड्राइव

a device for reading floppy disks.

फ्लैश मेमोरी

a type of non volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.

H

हार्ड ड्राइव

a non-volatile storage device that stores data on rapidly rotating rigid (i.e. hard) platters with magnetic surfaces.

हार्डवेयर

the physical components of a computer.

ऍचडीऍमआइ

(High-Definition Multimedia Interface) - a compact interface for transferring encrypted uncompressed digital audio and video data to a device such as a computer monitor, video projector or digital television.

हार्वर्ड आर्किटेक्चर

a memory architecture where program machine code and data are held in separate memories, more commonly seen in microcontrollers and digital signal processors.

I

इनपुट डिवाइस

any peripheral equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system.

इनपुट/आउटपुट

the communication between an information processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world.

आइओपीएस

(Input/Output Operations Per Second, pronounced eye-ops) - a common performance measurement used to benchmark computer storage devices like hard disk drives.

इंस्ट्रक्शन

a group of several bits in a computer program that contains an operation code and usually one or more memory addresses.

इंस्ट्रक्शन कैशे

I-cache

a cache in a CPU or GPU servicing instruction fetch requests for program code (or shaders for a GPU), possibly implementing modified Harvard architecture if program machine code is stored in the same address space and physical memory as data.

इंस्ट्रक्शन फेच

A stage in a pipeline that load the next instruction referred to by the program counter.

K

कीबोर्ड

an input device, partially modeled after the typewriter keyboard, which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches.

L

लोड/स्टोर इंस्ट्रक्शन

instructions used to transfer data between memory and processor registers.

लोड-स्टोर आर्किटेक्चर =

An instruction set architecture where arithmetic/logic instructions may only be performed between processor registers, relying on separate load/store instructions for all data transfers.

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memory associated closely with a processing element, e.g. a cache, scratchpad, the memory connected to one processor node in a NUMA or COMA system, or device memory (such as VRAM) in an accelerator

.

M

मेनफ्रेम

powerful computer used mainly by large organizations for bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.

मेन मेमोरी

the largest random access memory in a memory heirarchy (before offline storage) in a computer system; i.e. distinct from caches or scratchpads; usually consists of DRAM.

मेमोरी एड्रेस

the address of a location in a memory or other address space.

मेमोरी आर्किटेक्चर

Computer memory architecture

a memory architecture in a computer system, e.g. NUMA, uniform memory access, COMA, etc.

मेमोरी ऍक्सेस पैटर्न

The pattern with which software or some other system (a accelerator , or DMA channel) accesses memory, affecting locality of reference and parallelism.

मॉडिफाइड हार्वर्ड आर्किटेक्चर

a variation of Harvard architecture used for most CPUs with separate non-coherent instruction and data caches (assuming that code is immutable), but still mirroring the same main memory address space, and possibly sharing higher levels of the same cache hierarchy

मदरबोर्ड

the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computers which holds many of the crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals.

मेमोरी

devices that are used to store data or programs on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer.

मॉनीटर

an electronic visual display for computers.

माउस

a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface; motion is usually mapped to a cursor in screen space; typically used to control a graphical user interface on a desktop computer or for CAD etc.

मिनी-वीजीए

small connectors used on some laptops and other systems in place of the standard VGA connector.

माइक्रोकोड

a layer of hardware-level instructions involved in the implementation of higher level machine code instructions in many computers and other processors.

मास्क आरओऍम

a type of read-only memory (ROM) whose contents are programmed by the integrated circuit manufacturer.

N

नेटवर्क

a collection of computers and other devices connected by communications channels, e.g. by ethernet or wireless networking

NUMA

Non-uniform memory access

network on a chip

NOC

a computer network on a single semiconductor chip, connecting processing elements, fixed function units or even memories and caches. Increasingly common in System on a chip designs.

Non-volatile memory

memory that can retain the stored data even when not powered.

Non-volatile random-access memory

random-access memory that retains its data when power is turned off.

O

ऑप्टिकल डिस्क ड्राइव

a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs.

Operating system

the set of software that manages computer hardware resources and provide common services for computer programs, typically loaded by the BIOS on booting.

ऑपरेशन कोड

Several bits in a computer program instruction that specify which operation to perform.

P

पेन ड्राइव

another name for a USB flash drive.

पेरिफेरल

a device attached to a computer but not part of it.

पर्सनल कंप्यूटर

Any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator.

प्रीफेचिंग

The pre-loading of instructions or data before needed either by dedicated cache control instructions or predictive hardware, to mitgate latency.

प्रिंटर

A peripheral which produces a text or graphics of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies.

प्रॉसेस नोड

refers to a level of semiconductor manufacturing technology, one of several successive transistor shrinks.

प्रॉसेसर नोड

a processor in a multiprocessor system or cluster, connected by dedicated communication channels or a network.

प्रॉसेसिंग एलिमेंट

an electronic circuit (either a microprocessor or a internal component of one) that may function autonomously or under external control, performing arithmetic and logic operations on data, possibly containing local memory, and possibly connected to other processing elements via a network,network on a chip, or cache hierarchy.

प्रीफेच (कैशे)

प्रीफेच

the process of pre-loading instructions or data into a cache ahead of time, either under manual control via prefetch instructions or automatically by a prefetch unit which may use runtime heuristics to predict the future memory access pattern.

PSU

Power supply unit - A unit of the computer that converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC for the power of all the computer components.

PROM

Programmable Read-Only Memory - a type of non-volatile memory chip that may be programmed after the device is constructed.

PCIe

Peripheral Component Interconnect Express - a computer expansion bus standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards.

पीसीआइ-ऍक्स

PCI-eXtended - a computer bus and expansion card standard that enhances the 32-bit PCI Local Bus for higher bandwidth demanded by servers.

R

रे'ड

(Redundant Array of Independent Disks) - data storage schemes that can divide and replicate data across multiple hard disk drives in order to increase reliability, allow faster access, or both.

रैम

Random-access memory - any form of computer data storage that allow stored data to be accessed in any order (i.e., at random).

ROM

Read Only Memory - a type of memory chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off.

S

सर्वर

a computer which may be used to provide services to clients.

सॉफ्टवेयर

computer programs and other kinds of information read and written by computers.

SIMM

Single in-line memory module - a type of memory module containing random access memory used in computers from the early 1980s to the late 1990s.

सौलिड स्टेट ड्राइव

(or solid-state disk or electronic disk) a data storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently.

SRAM

Static random-access memory - a type of semiconductor memory that uses bistable latching circuitry to store each bit. The term static differentiates it from DRAM which must be periodically refreshed.

storage device

ऍस॰डी॰रैम

Synchronous dynamic random access memory - dynamic random access memory that is synchronized with the system bus.

T

टेप ड्राइव

A peripheral storage device that allows only sequential access, typically using magnetic tape.

टर्मिनल

An electronic or electromechanical hardware device that is used for entering data into, and displaying data from, a computer or a computing system.

ट्रैकपैड

Also known as a touchpad; a pointing device consisting of specialized surface that can translate the motion and position of a user's fingers or a stylus to a relative position on a screen.

U

यू॰ऍस॰बी॰

Universal Serial Bus - a specification to establish communication between devices and a host controller (usually a personal computers).

यूएसबी फ्लैश ड्राइव

A flash memory device integrated with a USB interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable.

V

VGA

Video Graphics Array - the last graphical standard introduced by IBM to which the majority of PC clone manufacturers conformed.

वोलाटाइल मेमोरी

memory that requires power to maintain the stored information.

W

वेबकैम

A video camera that feeds its images in real time to a computer or computer network, often via USB, Ethernet, or Wi-Fi.

Write back cache

A cache where store operations are buffered in cache lines, only reaching main memory when the entire cache line is evicted

Write through cache

A cache where store operations are immediately written to the underlying main memory.

वर्किंग सेट

The set of data used by a processor during a certain time interval, which should ideally fit into a CPU cache for optimum performance.

इहो देखल जाय

• List of computer term etymologies
• Glossary of backup terms
• Glossary of Internet-related terminology
• Glossary of reconfigurable computing
• Glossary of computer graphics
• Glossary of computer software terms