मदद:IPA

help installing IPA-compatible fonts खातिर, Help:Special characters § IPA symbols देखल जाय।

a basic introduction to using IPA written for English readers खातिर, Help:IPA/Introduction देखल जाय।

The latest official IPA chart, revised to 2018.

Here is a basic key to the symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet. For the smaller set of symbols that is sufficient for English, see Help:IPA/English. Several rare IPA symbols are not included; these are found in the main IPA article. For the Manual of Style guideline for pronunciation, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation.

For each IPA symbol, an English example is given where possible; here "RP" stands for Received Pronunciation. The foreign languages that are used to illustrate additional sounds are primarily the ones most likely to be familiar to English speakers, French, Standard German, and Spanish. For symbols not covered by those, recourse is taken to the populous languages Standard Chinese, Hindustani, Arabic, and Russian. For sounds still not covered, other smaller but better analyzed languages are used, for example Swahili and Zulu (for the Bantu branch) or Turkish (for Turkic branch) for their respective related languages.

The left-hand column displays the symbols like this: [[[

en:open front unrounded vowel|a]]]. Click on "listen" to hear the sound; click on the symbol itself for a dedicated article with a more complete description and examples from multiple languages. Consonant sounds are spoken once followed by a vowel and once between vowels.

Main symbols

The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols which do not resemble any Latin letter are placed at the end.

Symbol	Examples	Description
^ top A
[[[ en:open front unrounded vowel|a]]]	German Mann	For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father.
[[[ en:open front unrounded vowel|aː]]]	German Aachen, French gare	Long [a].
[[[ en:open central unrounded vowel|ä]]]	Mandarin 他 tā, American English ah, Spanish casa, French patte
[[[ en:near-open central vowel|ɐ]]]	RP cut, German Kaiserslautern	(In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.)
[[[ en:open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]]	Finnish Linna, Dutch bad
[[[ en:open back unrounded vowel|ɑː]]]	RP father, French pâte	Long [ɑ].
[[[ en:nasal vowel|ɑ̃]]]	French Caen, sans, temps	Nasalized [ɑ].
[[[ en:open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]]	RP cot	Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
[[[ en:open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]]	American English cut	Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)
[[[ en:near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]]	RP cat
^ top B
[[[ en:voiced bilabial stop|b]]]	English babble
[[[ en:voiced bilabial implosive|ɓ]]]	Swahili bwana	Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants.
[[[ en:voiced bilabial fricative|β]]]	Spanish la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children"	Like [b], but with the lips not quite touching.
[[[ en:bilabial trill|ʙ]]]	Nias simbi [siʙi] "lower jaw"	Sputtering.
^ top C
[[[ en:voiceless palatal stop#Palatal or alveolo-palatal|c]]]	Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Romanian cameră "room"Greek και "and"	Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi.
[[[ en:Voiceless palatal fricative#Palatal|ç]]]	German Ich	More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
[[[ en:voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]]	Mandarin 西安 Xi'an, Polish ściana	More y-like than [ʃ]; something like English she.
[[[ en:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]]	see under O
^ top D
[[[ en:voiced dental and alveolar stops#Alveolar|d]]]	English dad
[[[ en:voiced alveolar implosive|ɗ]]]	Swahili Dodoma	Like [d] said with a gulp.
[[[ en:voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]]]	American English harder	Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[[[ en:voiced dental fricative|ð]]]	English the, bathe
[[[ en:Voiced alveolar affricate|dz]]]	English adds, Italian zero
[[[ en:voiced palato-alveolar affricate|dʒ]]]	English judge
[[[ en:voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|dʑ]]]	Polish niedźwiedź "bear"	Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
[[[ en:voiced retroflex affricate|dʐ]]]	Polish dżem "jam"	Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top E
[[[ en:close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]]	Spanish fe; French clé
[[[ en:close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]]	German Klee	Long [e]. Similar to English hey, before the y sets in.
[[[ en:close-mid central unrounded vowel|ɘ]]]	Australian English bird
[[[ en:mid central vowel|ə]]]	English above, Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	(Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
[[[ en:r-colored vowel|ɚ]]]	American English runner
[[[ en:open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]]	English bet
[[[ en:nasal vowel|ɛ̃]]]	French Saint-Étienne, vin, main	Nasalized [ɛ].
[[[ en:open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]]	RP bird (long)
[[[ en:r-colored vowel|ɝ]]]	American English bird
^ top F
[[[ en:voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]]	English fun
[[[ en:voiced palatal stop#Palatal or alveolo-palatal|ɟ]]]	see under J
[[[ en:voiced palatal implosive|ʄ]]]	see under J
^ top G
[[[ en:voiced velar stop|ɡ]]]	English gag	(Should look like . No different from a Latin "g")
[[[ en:voiced velar implosive|ɠ]]]	Swahili Uganda	Like [ɡ] said with a gulp.
[[[ en:voiced uvular stop|ɢ]]]		Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Muammar Gaddafi.
[[[ en:voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]]	see under Z	English beige.
^ top H
[[[ en:voiceless glottal fricative|h]]]	American English house
[[[ en:voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]]	English ahead, when said quickly.
[[[ en:aspirated consonant|ʰ]]]		The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t].
[[[ en:voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]]]	Arabic ‏مُحَمَّد‎ Muhammad	Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.
[[[ en:labialized palatal approximant|ɥ]]]	see under Y
[[[ en:voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɮ]]]	see under L
^ top I
[[[ en:close front unrounded vowel|i]]]	French ville, Spanish Valladolid
[[[ en:close front unrounded vowel|iː]]]	English sea	Long [i].
[[[ en:near-close front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]]	English sit
[[[ en:close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]]	Russian ты "you"	Often used for unstressed English roses.
^ top J
[[[ en:Palatal approximant#Palatal|j]]]	English yes, hallelujah, German Junge
[[[ en:palatalization (phonetics)|ʲ]]]	Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn]	Indicates a sound is more y-like.
[[[ en:Voiced palatal fricative#Palatal|ʝ]]]	Spanish cayo (some dialects)	Like [j], but stronger.
[[[ en:voiced palatal stop#Palatal or alveolo-palatal|ɟ]]]	Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole"	Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi.
[[[ en:voiced palatal implosive|ʄ]]]	Swahili jambo	Like [ɟ] said with a gulp.
^ top K
[[[ en:voiceless velar stop|k]]]	English kick, skip
^ top L
[[[ en:dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]]	English leaf
[[[ en:dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants#Velarized alveolar lateral approximant|ɫ]]]	English wool Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small"	"Dark" el.
[[[ en:voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɬ]]]	Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit"	By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla.
[[[ en:retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]]]		Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[[[ en:dental and alveolar lateral flaps|ɺ]]]		A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.
[[[ en:voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɮ]]]	Zulu dla "eat"	Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.
^ top M
[[[ en:bilabial nasal|m]]]	English mime
[[[ en:labiodental nasal|ɱ]]]	English symphony	Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f].
[[[ en:close back unrounded vowel|ɯ]]]	see under W
[[[ en:voiceless labialized velar approximant|ʍ]]]	see under W
^ top N
[[[ en:Dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals#Alveolar|n]]]	English nun
[[[ en:velar nasal|ŋ]]]	English sing, Māori nga
[[[ en:Palatal nasal#Palatal or alveolo-palatal|ɲ]]]	Spanish Peña, French champagne	Rather like English canyon (/nj/ said quickly).
[[[ en:retroflex nasal|ɳ]]]	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna	Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[[[ en:uvular nasal|ɴ]]]	Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
^ top O
[[[ en:close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]]	Spanish no, French eau
[[[ en:close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]]	German Boden, French Vosges	Long [o]. Somewhat reminiscent of English no.
[[[ en:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]]	German Oldenburg, French Garonne
[[[ en:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]]	RP law, French Limoges	Long [ɔ].
[[[ en:nasal vowel|ɔ̃]]]	French Lyon, son	Nasalized [ɔ].
[[[ en:close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]]]	French feu, bœufs	Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].
[[[ en:close-mid front rounded vowel|øː]]]	German Goethe, French Deûle, neutre	Long [ø].
[[[ en:close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]]	Dutch hut, French je, Swedish dum	Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩, whereas the French vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ə⟩.
[[[ en:open-mid front rounded vowel|œ]]]	French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen	Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].
[[[ en:open-mid front rounded vowel|œː]]]	French œuvre, heure	Long [œ].
[[[ en:nasal vowel|œ̃]]]	French brun, parfum	Nasalized [œ].
[[[ en:open front rounded vowel|ɶ]]]
[[[ en:voiceless dental fricative|θ]]]	see under Others
[[[ en:voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]]]	see under Others
^ top P
[[[ en:voiceless bilabial stop|p]]]	English pip
^ top Q
[[[ en:voiceless uvular stop|q]]]	Arabic ‏قُرْآن‎ Qur’ān	Like [k], but further back, in the throat.
^ top R
[[[ en:dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]]	Spanish perro, Scots borrow	"Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English [ɹ], when there's no ambiguity.)
[[[ en:dental and alveolar flaps|ɾ]]]	Spanish pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie	"Flapped R".
[[[ en:uvular trill|ʀ]]]	Dutch rood and German rot (some speakers)	A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
[[[ en:retroflex flap|ɽ]]]	Hindi साड़ी [sɑːɽiː] "sari"	Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.
[[[ en:alveolar and postalveolar approximants|ɹ]]]	RP borrow
[[[ en:retroflex approximant|ɻ]]]	Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", American English borrow, butter	Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
[[[ en:voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]]	French Paris, German Riemann	Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
^ top S
[[[ en:voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]]]	English sass
[[[ en:voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]]	English shoe
[[[ en:voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]]	Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian Пушкин (Pushkin)	Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top T
[[[ en:voiceless dental and alveolar stops#Alveolar|t]]]	English tot, stop
[[[ en:voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]]]	Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[[[ en:voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]]]	English cats, Russian царь tsar
[[[ en:voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|tʃ]]]	English church
[[[ en:voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|tɕ]]]	Mandarin 北京  Běijīng, Polish ciebie "you"	Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
[[[ en:voiceless retroflex affricate|tʂ]]]	Mandarin 真正 zhēnzhèng, Polish czas	Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top U
[[[ en:close back rounded vowel|u]]]	French vous "you"
[[[ en:close back rounded vowel|uː]]]	French Rocquencourt, German Schumacher, American English food	Long [u].
[[[ en:near-close back rounded vowel|ʊ]]]	English foot, German Bundesrepublik
[[[ en:close central rounded vowel|ʉ]]]	Australian English food (long)	Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[[[ en:labialized palatal approximant|ɥ]]]	see under Y
[[[ en:close back unrounded vowel|ɯ]]]	see under W
^ top V
[[[ en:voiced labiodental fricative|v]]]	English verve
[[[ en:labiodental approximant|ʋ]]]	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳə] "Varuna"	Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r.
[[[ en:close-mid back unrounded vowel|ɤ]]]	see under Y
[[[ en:voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]]	see under Y
[[[ en:open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]]	see under A
^ top W
[[[ en:voiced labio-velar approximant|w]]]	English wow
[[[ en:labialization|ʷ]]]		Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in English rain
[[[ en:voiceless labialized velar approximant|ʍ]]]	what (some dialects)	like [h] and [w] said together
[[[ en:close back unrounded vowel|ɯ]]]	Turkish kayık "caïque", Scottish Gaelic gaol	Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].
[[[ en:voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]]	Spanish agua
^ top X
[[[ en:voiceless velar fricative|x]]]	Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хороший [xɐˈroʂɨj] "good", Spanish joven	between [k] and [h]
[[[ en:voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]]	northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [x], but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x].
^ top Y
[[[ en:close front rounded vowel|y]]]	French rue	Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[[[ en:close front rounded vowel|yː]]]	German Bülow, French sûr	Long [y].
[[[ en:near-close front rounded vowel|ʏ]]]	German Düsseldorf	Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].
[[[ en:voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]]	Arabic ‏غَالِي‎ ghālī and Swahili ghali "expensive", Spanish suegro	Sounds rather like French [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h].
[[[ en:close-mid back unrounded vowel|ɤ]]]	Mandarin 河南 Hénán, Scottish Gaelic taigh	Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].
[[[ en:palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]]	Italian tagliatelle	Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume.
[[[ en:labialized palatal approximant|ɥ]]]	French lui	Like [j] and [w] said together.
^ top Z
[[[ en:voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]]	English zoo
[[[ en:voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]]	English vision, French journal
[[[ en:voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]]	old-styled Russian позже [ˈpoʑːe] "later", Polish źle	More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey.
[[[ en:voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]]	Russian жир "fat"	Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[[[ en:voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɮ]]]	see under L
^ top Others
[[[ en:voiceless dental fricative|θ]]]	English thigh, bath
[[[ en:voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]]]	Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui	Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching
[[[ en:glottal stop|ʔ]]]	English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst	The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [əˈʔæpl̩].
[[[ en:voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]]]	Arabic ‏عَرَبِيّ‎ ʻarabī "Arabic"	A light sound deep in the throat.
[[[ en:tenuis dental click|ǀ]]]	English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring"	(The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo.
[[[ en:tenuis alveolar lateral click|ǁ]]]	English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog"	(The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa.
[[[ en:tenuis alveolar click|ǃ]]]	Zulu iqaqa "polecat"	(The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ].
[[[ en:tenuis bilabial click|ʘ]]]	ǂ’Amkoe ʘoa "two"	Like a kissing sound.
[[[ en:tenuis palatal click|ǂ]]]	Khoekhoe ǂgā-amǃnâ [ǂààʔám̀ᵑǃã̀ã̀] "to put in the mouth"	Like an imitation of a chewing sound.

Marks added to letters

Several marks can be added above, below, before or after letters. These are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel a. A more complete list is given at International Phonetic Alphabet § Diacritics and prosodic notation.

Symbol	Example	Description
Signs above a letter
[ã]	French vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] "white wine"	A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang.
[ä]	Portuguese vá [vä] "go"	A central vowel pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back.
Signs below a letter
[a̯]	English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯]	This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].)
[n̥]		Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa.
[n̩]	English button	A consonant without a vowel. (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.)
[d̪]	Spanish dos, French deux	The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
Signs next to a letter
[kʰ]	English come	Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ].
[k’]	Zulu ukuza "come"	Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ].
[aː]	English shh! [ʃː]	Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc.
[aˑ]	RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt]	Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].)
[ˈa]	pronunciation [pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]	Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ˌa]		Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[.]	English courtship [ˈkɔrt.ʃɪp]	Syllable break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off)

Brackets

Two types of brackets are commonly used to enclose transcriptions in the IPA:

• /Slashes/ indicate sounds that are distinguished as the basic units of words in a language by native speakers; these are called phonemes. Changing the symbols between these slashes would either change the identity of the word or produce nonsense. For example, since there is no meaningful difference to a native speaker between the two sounds written with the letter L in the word lulls, they are considered the same phoneme, and so, using slashes, they are given the same symbol in IPA: /ˈlʌlz/. Similarly, Spanish la bamba is transcribed phonemically with two instances of the same b sound, /la ˈbamba/, despite the fact that they sound different to a speaker of English. Thus a reader who is not familiar with the language in question might not know how to interpret these transcriptions more narrowly.
• [Square brackets] indicate the narrower or more detailed phonetic qualities of a pronunciation, not taking into account the norms of the language to which it belongs; therefore, such transcriptions do not regard whether subtly different sounds in the pronunciation are actually noticeable or distinguishable to a native speaker of the language. Within square brackets is what a foreigner who does not know the structure of a language might hear as discrete units of sound. For instance, the English word lulls may be pronounced in a particular dialect more specifically as [ˈlɐɫz], with different letter L sounds at the beginning and end. This may be obvious to speakers of languages that differentiate between the sounds [l] and [ɫ]. Likewise, Spanish la bamba (pronounced without a pause) has two different b-sounds to the ears of foreigners or linguists—[la ˈβamba]—though a native Spanish speaker might not be able to hear it. Omitting or adding such detail does not make a difference to the identity of the word, but helps to give a more precise pronunciation.

A third kind of bracket is occasionally seen:

• Either //double slashes// or |pipes| (or occasionally other conventions) show that the enclosed sounds are theoretical constructs that are not actually heard. (This is part of morphophonology.) For instance, most phonologists argue that the -s at the ends of verbs, which surfaces as either /s/ in talks /tɔːks/ or as /z/ in lulls /lʌlz/, has a single underlying form. If they decide this form is an s, they would write it //s// (or |s|) to claim that phonemic /tɔːks/ and /lʌlz/ are essentially //tɔːks// and //lʌls// underneath. If they were to decide it was essentially the latter, //z//, they would transcribe these words //tɔːkz// and //lʌlz//.

Lastly,

• ⟨Angle brackets⟩ are used to set off orthography, as well as transliteration from non-Latin scripts. Thus ⟨lulls⟩, ⟨la bamba⟩, the letter ⟨a⟩. Angle brackets are not supported by all fonts, so a template {{angle bracket}} (shortcut {{angbr}}) is used to ensure maximal compatibility. (Comment there if you're having problems.)

Rendering issues

IPA typeface support is increasing, and is now included in several typefaces such as the Times New Roman versions that come with various recent computer operating systems. Diacritics are not always properly rendered, however. IPA typefaces that are freely available online include Gentium, several from the SIL (such as Charis SIL, and Doulos SIL), Dehuti, DejaVu Sans, and TITUS Cyberbit, which are all freely available; as well as commercial typefaces such as Brill, available from Brill Publishers, and Lucida Sans Unicode and Arial Unicode MS, shipping with various Microsoft products. These all include several ranges of characters in addition to the IPA. Modern Web browsers generally do not need any configuration to display these symbols, provided that a typeface capable of doing so is available to the operating system.

Particularly, the following symbols may be shown improperly depending on your font:

Voiced velar plosive

These two characters should look similar: ɡ If in the box to the left you see the symbol rather than a lower-case open-tail g, you may be experiencing a well-known bug in the font MS Reference Sans Serif; switching to another font may fix it. On your current font: [ɡ], and in several other fonts: Arial: [ɡ] Arial Unicode MS: [ɡ] Biolinum: [ɡ] Bitstream Cyberbit: [ɡ] Cambria: [ɡ] Calibri: [ɡ] Charis SIL: [ɡ] Chrysanthi: [ɡ] Code2000: [ɡ] DejaVu Sans: [ɡ] Doulos SIL: [ɡ] Everson Mono: [ɡ] Gentium: [ɡ] GentiumAlt: [ɡ] Gentium Plus: [ɡ] Helvetica: [ɡ] Helvetica Neue: [ɡ] Hiragino Kaku Gothic: [ɡ] Linux Libertine: [ɡ] Lucida Grande: [ɡ] Lucida Sans: [ɡ] Matrix: [ɡ] Quivira: [ɡ] STIX: [ɡ] Segoe UI: [ɡ] Times New Roman: [ɡ] TITUS Cyberbit Basic: [ɡ] Unifont: [ɡ]

Affricates and double articulation

The tie bar is intended to cover both letters of an affricate or doubly articulated consonant. However, if your browser uses Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters, the following incorrectly formed sequences may look better than the correct order (letter, tie bar, letter) due to a bug in that font: ts͡, tʃ͡, tɕ͡, dz͡, dʒ͡, dʑ͡, tɬ͡, kp͡, ɡb͡, ŋm͡. Here is how the proper configuration displays in your default IPA font: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m, and in several other fonts: Arial: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Arial Unicode MS: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Biolinum: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Bitstream Cyberbit: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Cambria: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Calibri: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Charis SIL: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Chrysanthi: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Code2000: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m DejaVu Sans: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Doulos SIL: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Everson Mono: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Gentium: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m GentiumAlt: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Gentium Plus: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Helvetica: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Helvetica Neue: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Hiragino Kaku Gothic: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Linux Libertine: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Lucida Grande: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Lucida Sans: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Matrix: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Quivira: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m STIX: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Segoe UI: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Times New Roman: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m TITUS Cyberbit Basic: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m Unifont: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m

Angle brackets

True angle brackets, ⟨ ⟩, are unsupported by several common fonts. Here is how they display in your default settings: ⟨...⟩ (unformatted) ⟨...⟩ (default IPA font) ⟨...⟩ (default Unicode font), and in several specific fonts: Arial: ⟨...⟩ Arial Unicode MS: ⟨...⟩ Biolinum: ⟨...⟩ Bitstream Cyberbit: ⟨...⟩ Cambria: ⟨...⟩ Calibri: ⟨...⟩ Charis SIL: ⟨...⟩ Chrysanthi: ⟨...⟩ Code2000: ⟨...⟩ DejaVu Sans: ⟨...⟩ Doulos SIL: ⟨...⟩ Everson Mono: ⟨...⟩ Gentium: ⟨...⟩ GentiumAlt: ⟨...⟩ Gentium Plus: ⟨...⟩ Helvetica: ⟨...⟩ Helvetica Neue: ⟨...⟩ Hiragino Kaku Gothic: ⟨...⟩ Linux Libertine: ⟨...⟩ Lucida Grande: ⟨...⟩ Lucida Sans: ⟨...⟩ Matrix: ⟨...⟩ Quivira: ⟨...⟩ STIX: ⟨...⟩ Segoe UI: ⟨...⟩ Times New Roman: ⟨...⟩ TITUS Cyberbit Basic: ⟨...⟩ Unifont: ⟨...⟩

Computer input using on-screen keyboard

Online IPA keyboard utilities are available and they cover a range of IPA symbols and diacritics:

• IPA i-charts (2018)
• IPA character picker
• TypeIt.org
• IPA Chart Keyboard

See also

• Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet
• IPA charts for diphthongs in various languages
• Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation)#Entering IPA characters

External links

• Official interactive IPA chart with letter descriptions, audio, and input assist
• Ultrasound and MRI videos of production of the sounds of the IPA charts
• IPA pronunciation chart with audio
• IPA Chart with audio – pronunciation charts with an interactive chart of all IPA symbols with their sounds (Flash)
• Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize "exotic" Unicode symbols—For help on getting the screen reader JAWS to read IPA symbols