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टेम्पलेट:Cite web/doc

विकिपीडिया से
Citation Style 1 टेम्पलेट
{{Cite arXiv}}आर्काइव (arXiv) प्रीप्रिंट
{{Cite AV media}}आडियो आ विजुअल
आडियो आ विजुअल लाइनर नोट
{{Cite book}}किताब
{{Cite conference}}कान्फ्रेंस परचा
डीवीडी लाइनर नोट
{{Cite encyclopedia}}संपादित कलेक्शन
{{Cite episode}}रेडियो चाहे टीवी एपिसोड
इंटरभ्यू
{{Cite journal}}पत्रिका, जर्नल, एकेडेमिक परचा
पब्लिक मेलिंग लिस्ट
{{Cite map}}नक्शा
{{Cite news}}समाचार लेख
ऑनलाइन समाचार ग्रुप
आडियो चाहे बीडियो पॉडकास्ट
{{Cite press release}}प्रेस रिलीज
{{Cite report}}रपट
आडियो चाहे वीडियो सीरियल (प्रकाशन)
चीन्हा, साइनबोर्ड
भाषण
टेक्निकल रपट
{{Cite thesis}}थीसिस
{{Cite web}}वेबसाइट स्रोत
इहो देखल जाय:
सटीकचीन्हित-स्रोत टेम्पलेट

This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for web sources that are not characterized by another CS1 template. Do not use this template in the "External links" section of articles.

Copy a blank version to use. All parameter names must be in lowercase. Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Delete unused parameters to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples may include the current date. If the date is not current, then purge the page.

Most commonly used parameters in horizontal format

For references with author credit

{{cite web |url= |title= |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}

For references without author credit

{{cite web |url= |title= |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}
Most commonly used parameters in vertical format

टेम्पलेट:Tj

Full parameter set in horizontal format
{{cite web |url= |url-access= |title= |last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |author-link2= |date= |year= |orig-date= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editors= |department= |website= |series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language= |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript=}}
Full parameter set in vertical format
Vertical list Prerequisites Brief instructions / notes
{{cite web
| url          = 
| url-access   = 
| title        = 
| last         = 
| first        = 
| author-link  = 
| last2        = 
| first2       = 
| author-link2 = 
| date         = 
| year         = 
| orig-date    = 
| editor-last  = 
| editor-first = 
| editor-link  = 
| editor2-last = 
| editor2-first= 
| editor2-link = 
| department   = 
| website      = 
| series       = 
| publisher    = 
| agency       = 
| location     = 
| page         = 
| pages        = 
| at           = 
| language     = 
| script-title = 
| trans-title  = 
| type         = 
| format       = 
| arxiv        = 
| asin         = 
| bibcode      = 
| doi          = 
| doi-broken-date= 
| isbn         = 
| issn         = 
| jfm          = 
| jstor        = 
| lccn         = 
| mr           = 
| oclc         = 
| ol           = 
| osti         = 
| pmc          = 
| pmid         = 
| rfc          = 
| ssrn         = 
| zbl          = 
| id           = 
| access-date  = 
| url-status   = 
| archive-url  = 
| archive-date = 
| via          = 
| quote        = 
| ref          = 
| postscript   = }}
 
 
 
 
 
last
 
last
last2
 
 
 
date or year
 
editor-last
 
editor-last
editor2-last
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
url
url, archive-url
url, archive-date
archive-url
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
required
 
required
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  • If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left.

Before 2014, editors had to decide whether to use {{cite web}} or {{cite news}} based on their features. In 2014, most of the differences between the two templates were eliminated.

As of 29 July 2016, {{cite web}} and {{cite news}} have the following differences:

  • {{cite news}} can be used for offline (paper) sources whereas {{cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided
  • {{cite news}} accepts |issue= and |volume= parameters while {{cite web}} does not (See Help:Citation Style 1 § Pages; see also {{cite magazine}}).

But given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same:

cite web: Silverman, Dwight (July 15, 2011). "Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows". Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
cite news: Silverman, Dwight (July 15, 2011). "Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows". Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
Doe, John (April 30, 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II". Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
Doe, John (30 April 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II". Encyclopedia of Things. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |date=2005-04-30 |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
Doe, John (2005-04-30). "My Favorite Things, Part II". Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
Doe, John. "My Favorite Things, Part II". Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
"My Favorite Things, Part II". Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.
  • {{cite web |url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/ |title=NFL Rules Digest |website=NFL Football Operations |publisher=[[National Football League]] |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
"NFL Rules Digest". NFL Football Operations. National Football League. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.

When this template detects a link whose URL includes an extension of ".pdf" or ".PDF", typical of PDF files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if |format=PDF had been specified, which displays " (PDF)" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit |format=PDF parameter would be redundant, so it is not recommended to add it. Users may remove it. Citation bot, when invoked, will remove it. (ref))

  • {{cite web |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Customs/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
"List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.

If the link is to a PDF file that is not automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter |format=PDF, which displays " (PDF)" after the link (but no PDF icon).

  • {{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000 |title=Some PDF Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=PDF |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
"Some PDF Document" (PDF). Sample Int'l. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.

For links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an .odt file, you may add the parameter |format=ODT, which displays " (ODT)" after the link.

  • {{cite web |url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt |title=Some ODT Document |publisher=Sample Int'l |format=ODT |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
"Some ODT Document" (ODT). Sample Int'l. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.

Foreign language and translated title

[संपादन करीं]
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Honi soit qui mal y pense |last=Joliet |first=François |date=30 April 2005 |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024 |language=fr |trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it}}
Joliet, François (30 April 2005). "Honi soit qui mal y pense" [Shame on those who think evil of it] (फ्रेंच में). Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=My Favorite Things, Part II |last=Doe |first=John |author-link=John Doe |publisher=Open Publishing |date=April 30, 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
Doe, John (April 30, 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II". Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Our Favourite Things |last1=Doe |first1=John |last2=Smith |first2=Peter |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |publisher=Open Publishing |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopaedia of Things |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
Doe, John; Smith, Peter; Smythe, Jim (30 April 2005). "Our Favourite Things". Encyclopaedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |publisher=Open Publishing |date=2005-04-30 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
"Index of Sharp Things". Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. 2005-04-30. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.

No author, no publisher

[संपादन करीं]
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=30 April 2005 |website=Encyclopedia of Things |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
"Index of Sharp Things". Encyclopedia of Things. 30 April 2005. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.example.org/ |title=Index of Sharp Things |date=April 30, 2005 |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024}}
"Index of Sharp Things". April 30, 2005. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024 |language=el}}
"List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF) (Greek में). 2005-04-30. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.

Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived

[संपादन करीं]
By default, if "archive-url" is used, the parameter |url-status=dead is assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version:
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |title=List of psychotropic substances under international control |date=2005-04-30 |publisher=International Narcotics Control Board |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907150136/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf |archive-date=2005-09-07}}
"List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. 2005-04-30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-09-07. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.
When |url-status=live is specified, the resulting main link is to the original page:
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive) |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=September 21, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022181821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572 |archive-date=October 22, 2015}}
"DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. September 18, 2015. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
With |url-status=unfit or usurped, the original is not linked at all:
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title=London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher=The Weather Underground |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522171657/http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |archive-date=22 May 2011}}
"London, United Kingdom Forecast: Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport)". The Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html |title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea |website=WebExhibits |date=2008 |access-date=3 अक्टूबर 2024 |quote=...&nbsp;Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins&nbsp;...'}}
"Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea". WebExhibits. 2008. Retrieved 3 अक्टूबर 2024. ... Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins ...'

Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:

  • parent
  • OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
    • child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
    • OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)
Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.

By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.). This can be an issue when the last field uses an abbreviation or initial that ends with a period, as then two periods will display (..). The only solution is to not include the last period in the value for the set of fields.

This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. See: Wikipedia:COinS. As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:

  • Use |date=27 September 2007 not |date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)

Use of templates within the citation template, is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be rendered in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example &nbsp;, &ndash;, etc, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata. Do not include Wiki markup '' (italic font) or ''' (bold font) because these markup characters will contaminate the metadata.

What's new or changed recently
Parameter Description Date
|author-given= added aliases (including enumerated forms) for |author-first= October 2020
|author-surname= added aliases (including enumerated forms) for |author-last= October 2020
|display-subjects= added alias for |display-authors= for usage with |subject= October 2020
|interviewer-given= added aliases (including enumerated forms) for |interviewer-first= October 2020
|interviewer-surname= added aliases (including enumerated forms) for |interviewer-last= October 2020
|orig-date= added canonical form for alias |orig-year= October 2020
|quote-page= added single page specifier for |quote= October 2020
|quote-pages= added multiple pages specifier for |quote= October 2020
|sbn= added identifier parameter for Standard Book Numbers April 2020
|script-quote= added non-Latin script text facility for |quote= October 2020
|subject-mask= added aliases (including enumerated forms) to |author-mask= for usage with |subject= October 2020
|s2cid= added identifier parameter for Semantic Scholar corpus ID April 2020
|s2cid-access= added access-icon parameter for |s2cid= April 2020
|title-link= added special tokens none/doi/pmc to override/disable auto-linking ({{cite journal}} only) October 2020
|trans-quote= added translated text facility for |quote= October 2020
accept-this-as-written-markup added for |doi=, |eissn=, |isbn=, |issn=, |sbn= October 2020

The following parameters are deprecated. Their use will place the page into Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters:

  • access-date · accessday · accessdaymonth · accessed · accessmonth · accessmonthday · accessyear: Use accessdate to include the full date of access.
  • day: Use date to include the day, month and year.
  • dateformat · doilabel: These parameters are no longer supported.
  • last: Surname of author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors, simply use last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: last1, author, authors, author1.
    • first: Given or first names of author, including title(s); for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: first1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty.
    • OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through last9, first9 for up to nine authors. By default, if nine authors are defined, only eight will show and "et al." will show in place of the last author. See the display parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: author1 through author9.
  • author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: authorlink1, authorlink, author1-link, author1link.
  • OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-link9. Aliases: author1link through author9link.
  • name-list-format: displays authors and editors in Vancouver style when set to vanc and when the list uses last/first parameters for the name list(s)
  • others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators and translators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith or Translated by John Smith.
When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field or else the anchor will not match the inline link.
  • title: Title of source page on website. Displays in quotes. If script-title is defined, title holds romanized transliteration of title in script-title.
    • script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Hebrew, Japanese, etc); follows transliteration defined in title. May be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script:
      ... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...
    • trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title; trans-title is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
Titles containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are encoded.
newline [ ] |
space &#91; &#93; &#124;
This parameter is required and will generate an error if not defined. On errors, main, help and template pages are placed into Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax. Set |template-doc-demo=true to disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated.
  • website: Title of website; may be wikilinked. Displays in italics. Aliases: work
  • type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, CD liner, Press release. Alias: medium.
  • language: The language the source is written in, if not English. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name. Use the full language name; do not use templates or wikilinks.
  • date: Date of source being referenced. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[date 1] Required when year is used to disambiguate {{sfn}} links to multiple-work citations by the same author in the same year.[more] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after publisher.
NO: Does the template use |ref=harv? (answer YES if the template is {{citation}})
NO: use |date=.
YES: Is the date format in |date= YYYY-MM-DD?
NO: use |date=.
YES: Does the citation require a CITEREF disambiguator?
NO: use |date=.
YES: |year= required.
YES: Does the citation use |ref=harv?
NO: use |date=.
YES: Is the date format in |date= DD Month YYYY or Month YYYY or YYYY or Month DD, YYYY or YYYY-MM-DD?
NO: |year= required.
YES: Does the citation require a CITEREF disambiguator?
NO: use |date=.
YES: |year= required.
  • orig-year: Original publication year; displays after the date or year. For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: |orig-year=First published 1859 or |orig-year=Composed 1904.
  1. Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates. See: .
  • work: Name of the source periodical; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics. Aliases: journal, newspaper, magazine, periodical.
    • issue: When the publication is one of a series that is published periodically. Alias: number.
When set, work changes the formatting of other parameters:
title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes.
chapter does not display in this citation template (and will produce an error message).
location and publisher are enclosed in parentheses.
page and pages do not show p. or pp.
edition does not display.
  • publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, website). Not normally used for periodicals. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc" or "GmbH" are not usually included. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title.
  • place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the location; examples: The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title; if work is defined, then location is enclosed in parentheses. Alias: location
  • publication-place: If any one of publication-place, place or location are defined, then the location shows after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location are shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
  • publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if year or date are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis.
  • via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer presents the source in a format other than the original (e.g. NewsBank), when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), if the deliverer requests attribution, or as requested in WP:The Wikipedia Library (e.g. Credo, HighBeam). See also registration and subscription.
  • series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted.

In-source locations

[संपादन करीं]
  • page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Displays preceded by p. unless |nopp=y.
  • OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by pp. unless |nopp=y.
    • nopp: Set to y to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where |page=Front cover.
  • OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by |page= or |pages=. Use only one of |page=, |pages=, or |at=.
Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.
  • url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove spurious tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. #ixzz2rBr3aO94 or ?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=.... Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon.com.
    • access-date: Full date when the contents pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[date 1] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is not required for links to copies of published research papers accessed via DOI or a published book, but is required for links to news articles on commercial sites (these are changed from time to time, even if also published in a physical medium). Note that access-date is the date that the URL was checked to not only be working, but to support the assertion being cited (which the current version of the page may not do). Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate.
    • archive-url: The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the url becomes unavailable. Typically used to refer to services like WebCite and Internet Archive (see: en:Wikipedia:Using the Wayback Machine); requires archive-date and url. Alias: archiveurl.
      • archive-date: Date when the original URL was archived; preceded by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[date 1] Do not wikilink. Alias: archivedate.
      • dead-url: When the URL is still live, but pre-emptively archived, then set |dead-url=no. This changes the display order with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end. Alias: deadurl.
    • template-doc-demo: The archive parameters will be error checked to ensure that all the required parameters are included, or else {{citation error}} is invoked. With errors, main, help and template pages are placed into one of the subcategories of Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax. Set |template-doc-demo=true to disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated.
  • format: Format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add format information for the visually impaired.
URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: will require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.
If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
sp " ' < > [ ] { | }
%20 %22 %27 %3c %3e %5b %5d %7b %7c %7d
Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
  1. 1.0 1.1 Access-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD.

See § url.

  • id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use a template as applicable.

These identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. rfc=822 or pmc=345678.

  • arxiv: arXiv identifier; for example: arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or arxiv=0706.0001 or arxiv=1501.00001 (since April 2007). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html".
  • asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn.
    • asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: ca, cn, co.jp, co.uk, de, es, fr, it
  • bibcode: Bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 1974AJ.....79..819H
  • doi: Digital object identifier; for example: 10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.).
    • doi-broken-date: Date the DOI was found to be non-working at http://dx.doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Alias: doi_brokendate, doi-inactive-date
  • isbn: International Standard Book Number; for example: 978-0-8126-9593-9. (See: Wikipedia:ISBN and ISBN). Dashes in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, prefix the number with a zero; thus, SBN 902888-45-5 should be entered as |isbn=0-902888-45-5. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Alias: ISBN
  • issn: International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space.
  • jfm: Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik
  • jstor: JSTOR abstract; for example: jstor=3793107 will generate JSTOR 3793107.
  • lccn: Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case. A certain amount of reformatting may be necessary, such as the use of one or more zeroes instead of a hyphen; for example, if the book shows "Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 89-61500", this would be entered as |lccn=89061500. Help with formatting may be found at LCCN (Library of Congress Control Number) and How does LCCN Permalink normalize LCCNs?
  • mr: Mathematical Reviews
  • oclc: OCLC
  • ol: Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value.
  • osti: Office of Scientific and Technical Information
  • pmc: PubMed Central; use article number for full-text free repository of a journal article, e.g. pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value. See also |pmid= below; these are two different identifiers.
  • pmid: PubMed; use unique identifier. See also |pmc= above; these are two different identifiers.
  • rfc: Request for Comments
  • ssrn: Social Science Research Network
  • zbl: Zentralblatt MATH
  • quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote needs to include terminating punctuation.
  • editor-last: Surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor1-last, editor, editors.
    • editor-first: Given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor1-first.
    • OR: for multiple editors, use editor1-last, editor1-first through editor4-last, editor4-first for up to four editors.
  • editor-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor1-link.
  • OR: for multiple editors, use editor1-link through editor4-link.
  • name-list-format: displays authors and editors in Vancouver style when set to vanc and when the list uses last/first parameters for the name list(s)
Display:
If authors: Authors are first, followed by the editors and the included work, then the main work.
If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."; more than three editors will be followed by "et al., eds."
  • mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For |mode=cs1, element separator is a semicolon (;); terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For |mode=cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). To override default terminal punctuation use postscript.
  • author-mask: Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text. Set author-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set author-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". You must still include the values for all authors for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as Shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}}, <references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed.
  • author-name-separator: (deprecated) Controls the separator between last and first names; defaults to a comma and space (, ); if the parameter is present, but blank, no separator punctuation will be used; a space must be encoded as &#32; do not use an asterisk (*), colon (:) or hash (#) as they will be interpreted as wikimarkup. Use name-list-format.
  • author-separator: (deprecated) Controls the separator between authors; defaults to a semicolon and space (; ); if the parameter is present, but blank, no separator punctuation will be used; a space must be encoded as &#32; do not use an asterisk (*), colon (:) or hash (#) as they will be interpreted as wikimarkup. Use name-list-format.
  • author-format: (deprecated) Use name-list-format.
  • display-authors: Controls the number of author names that are displayed when a citation is published. To control the displayed number of author names, set display-authors to the desired number. For example, |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation. By default, the only the first eight cited authors are displayed; subsequent authors beyond eight are represented in the published citation by "et al." If a citation contains nine author names and one wishes all nine author names to display, "et al." may be suppressed by setting |display-authors=9. Aliases: displayauthors.
  • last-author-amp: Switches the separator between the last two names of the author list to space ampersand space ( & ) when set to any value. Example: |last-author-amp=yes
  • postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); if the parameter is present, but blank, no terminating punctuation will be used. Ignored if quote is defined.
  • separator: (deprecated) Controls the punctuation used to separate lists of authors, editors, etc. Defaults to a period (.); if the parameter is present, but blank, no separator punctuation will be used; a space must be encoded as &#32; do not use an asterisk (*), colon (:) or hash (#) as they will be interpreted as wikimarkup. Use mode.

Subscription or registration required

[संपादन करीं]

These parameters add a link note to the end of the citation:

  • registration: For online sources that require registration, set |registration=yes; superseded by subscription if both are set.
  • subscription: For online sources that require a subscription, set |subscription=yes; supersedes registration if both are set.
This is the TemplateData documentation for this template used by VisualEditor and other tools.

TemplateData for Cite web

Script error: No such module "cs1 documentation support".

Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.

Template parameters

This template has custom formatting.

ParameterDescriptionTypeStatus
Last namelast last1 author author1 author1-last author-last surname1 author-last1 subject1 surname author-last subject

The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors

Linesuggested
First namefirst given author-first first1 given1 author-first1 author1-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors

Linesuggested
Author linkauthor-link author-link1 author1-link subject-link subject-link1 subject1-link authorlink

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors

Page nameoptional
Last name 2last2 author2

The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.

Lineoptional
First name 2first2

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 2author-link2 author2-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 3last3 author3

The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.

Lineoptional
First name 3first3

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 3author-link3 author3-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 4last4 author4

The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.

Lineoptional
First name 4first4

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 4author-link4 author4-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 5last5 author5

The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.

Lineoptional
First name 5first5

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 5author-link5 author5-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 6last6 author6

The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.

Lineoptional
First name 6first6

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 6author-link6 author6-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 7last7 author7

The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.

Lineoptional
First name 7first7

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 7author-link7 author7-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 8last8 author8

The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.

Lineoptional
First name 8first8

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 8author-link8 author8-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.

Page nameoptional
Last name 9last9 author9

The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.

Lineoptional
First name 9first9

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Author link 9author-link9 author9-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.

Page nameoptional
Authors listauthors

List of authors as a free form list. This parameter is deprecated, use "lastn" or "firstn" (preferred) or "authorn" or "vauthors". Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.

Stringdeprecated
Author maskauthor-mask

Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead

Stringoptional
Display authorsdisplay-authors

Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al.

Stringoptional
Name list stylename-list-style

Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.

Suggested values
amp and vanc
Stringoptional
Source datedate

Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink

Datesuggested
Year of publicationyear

Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter

Stringoptional
Original dateorig-date

Original date of publication; provide specifics

Stringoptional
Editor last nameeditor-last editor1-last editor

The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors.

Lineoptional
Editor first nameeditor-first editor1-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'

Lineoptional
Editor linkeditor-link editor1-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors

Page nameoptional
Editor last name 2editor2-last editor2

The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 2editor2-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor link 2editor2-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor last name 3editor3-last editor3

The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 3editor3-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor link 3editor3-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor last name 4editor4-last editor4

The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 4editor4-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor link 4editor4-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor last name 5editor5-last editor5

The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 5editor5-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor link 5editor5-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor last name 6editor6-last editor6

The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 6editor6-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor link 6editor6-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor last name 7editor7-last editor7

The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 7editor7-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor link 7editor7-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor last name 8editor8-last editor8

The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 8editor8-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor link 8editor8-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor.

Page nameoptional
Editor last name 9editor9-last editor9

The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'.

Lineoptional
Editor first name 9editor9-first

Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink.

Lineoptional
Editor link 9editor9-link

Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor.

Page nameoptional
Othersothers

Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith'

Stringoptional
Titletitle

The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website.

Stringrequired
Script titlescript-title

For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...

Stringoptional
Translated titletrans-title

An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended

Stringoptional
URLurl URL

The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type "https://..." or maybe even the protocol relative scheme "//..."

Example
https://www.metacritic.com//...
URLrequired
URL access levelurl-access

Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')

Suggested values
registration subscription limited
Stringoptional
URL statusurl-status

If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to "dead" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.

Suggested values
dead live usurped unfit deviated
Default
'dead' if an Archive URL is entered
Example
'dead' or 'live'
Stringsuggested
Archive URLarchive-url archiveurl

The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'

Auto value
URLsuggested
Archive datearchive-date archivedate

Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink

Datesuggested
Archive formatarchive-format

Format of the archived copy; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML

Stringoptional
URL access dateaccess-date accessdate

The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink

Datesuggested
Name of the websitewebsite work

Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases.

Example
[[Rotten Tomatoes]]
Stringsuggested
Series identifierseries

Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal

Stringoptional
Publisherpublisher

Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases.

Example
[[Fandom, Inc.]] (which owns "Metacritic.com")
Stringoptional
Placeplace

For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location'

Stringoptional
Pagepage

Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'

Stringoptional
Pagespages

Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'

Stringoptional
Atat

May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient

Stringoptional
Languagelanguage lang

The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commas

Example
de, fr, es
Stringoptional
Typetype

Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case

Stringoptional
Formatformat

Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML

Stringoptional
Place of publicationpublication-place

Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'

Stringoptional
Publication datepublication-date

Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink

Dateoptional
Published viavia

Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work.

Example
[[GitHub]], [[SourceForge]], [[CodePlex]], [[YouTube]], [[Vimeo]], [[Dailymotion]], [[Netflix]], [[Archive.org]], [[Wikimedia Commons]], [[grc.com]]
Stringoptional
No ppno-pp

Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')

Auto value
y
Booleanoptional
arXiv identifierarxiv

An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers

Stringoptional
ASINasin

Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters

Stringoptional
ASIN TLDasin-tld

ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US

Stringoptional
Bibcodebibcode

Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters

Stringoptional
biorXivbiorxiv

biorXiv identifier; 6 digits

Lineoptional
CiteSeerXciteseerx

CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter

Lineoptional
DOIdoi

Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'

Stringoptional
DOI broken datedoi-broken-date

The date that the DOI was determined to be broken

Auto value
Dateoptional
ISBNisbn

International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible

Stringoptional
ISSNissn

International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen

Stringoptional
jfm codejfm

Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code

Stringoptional
JSTORjstor

JSTOR identifier

Stringoptional
LCCNlccn

Library of Congress Control Number

Stringoptional
MRmr

Mathematical Reviews identifier

Stringoptional
OCLCoclc

Online Computer Library Center number

Stringoptional
OLol

Open Library identifier

Stringoptional
OSTIosti

Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier

Stringoptional
PMCpmc

PubMed Center article number

Stringoptional
PMIDpmid

PubMed Unique Identifier

Stringoptional
RFCrfc

Request for Comments number

Stringoptional
SSRNssrn

Social Science Research Network

Stringoptional
Zblzbl

Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier

Stringoptional
idid

A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable

Stringoptional
Quotequote

Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation

Stringoptional
Translated quotetrans-quote

English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets.

Stringoptional
Refref

An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references

Stringoptional
Postscriptpostscript

The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined

Default
.
Stringoptional
Editionedition

Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.'

Example
2nd
Lineoptional
Bibcode access levelbibcode-access

If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.

Auto value
free
Stringoptional
DOI access leveldoi-access

If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.

Auto value
free
Stringoptional
HDL access levelhdl-access

If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.

Auto value
free
Stringoptional
Jstor access leveljstor-access

If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.

Auto value
free
Stringoptional
OpenLibrary access levelol-access

If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.

Auto value
free
Stringoptional
OSTI access levelosti-access

If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.

Auto value
free
Stringoptional
Agencyagency

The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse

Stringoptional

exit

ɜr This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.